I've finally managed to obtain a copy of my talk. It was given a few weeks ago at a 6th Form retreat at Ampleforth College. It was on pro life issues: Matters of life and death: Abortion and Euthanasia.
As Hermeneutic of continuity pointed out yesterday, I was also delighted to see that the Pope on Monday mentioned the Visitation and the recognition of Christ by St John the Baptist to illustrate the sanctity of the human embryo. I included a bit about this in my talk.
This year marks the 40th Anniversary of the passing of the Abortion Act in the UK. It was passed by a half-empty House of Commons on Friday 14th July 1967 after an all- night sitting by 167 votes to 83. The main argument used in favour of changing the law was the claim that there were up to 200,000 back street illegal abortions being carried out every year, and thousands of women were dying as a result. This couldn’t be further from the truth. For example, in 1967, the real situation was that there were about 32 maternal deaths due to abortion – including those due to miscarriages as well as deliberate abortions.
Technically, the Act did not decriminalise abortion but ensured immunity from prosecution under the 1861 Offences Against the Person Act as long as certain conditions were met when performing an abortion. The 1967 legislation permitted abortion initially up to 28 weeks gestation, a limit which was reduced to 24 weeks in 1990. The Abortion Act listed four statutory grounds, one of which has to be met by the agreement of two separate doctors for a termination to take place. The conditions include:
That termination is necessary to prevent grace permanent injury to the physical or mental health of the pregnant woman
That the continuation of the pregnancy would involve a risk to the life of the mother (Abortions carried out for this reason are few and far between)
That there is a substantial risk that if the child were born it would suffer from such physical or mental abnormalities as to be seriously handicapped
The reason for which most abortions are carried out under British law is:
That the continuation of pregnancy would involve risk, greater than if the pregnancy were terminated, of injury to the physical or mental health of the woman or any existing children of her family
During the debate in the House of Commons, the bill’s architect, David Steel claimed “it was not the intention of the promoters of the bill to leave a wide open door for abortion on request”. But this is precisely what has happened.
In those forty years, more than 6 million babies have been killed through legalised abortion in Britain. That is around 180,000 a year on average, or 500 per day. It means that we effectively have abortion on demand, even though the law states otherwise. It is a staggering number and one that this country should be ashamed of.
We have a situation every single day in our hospitals where, in one part of the maternity unit, midwives are helping to bring new life into the world, whilst, in another, unborn children are being forcibly extracted from a woman’s womb and killed. The only reason for this is that one baby is deemed “wanted” and the other is seen as an “inconvenience”
In 1990, there was a further nail in the coffin for those opposed to abortion and now those concerned about the rights of the disabled. Despite cutting the legal limit for “social” abortions to 24 weeks, the government successfully passed an amendment to the Abortion Act to allow abortions up to moment of birth for unborn children who were strongly suspected of having a serious handicap. Yet we now have late term abortions being carried out on women whose unborn children have a hare lip and cleft pallet, a relatively easy condition to treat. In any case, to abort a child (which is at an age where it could survive birth after 24 weeks gestation) just because it is disabled, is totally against the Catholic Christian concept of the value of every human person. It also fails to recognise the incomparable value of to society if disabled people who are part of wider society.
There is no morally acceptable reason for innocent human life to be aborted. All unborn children - whether disabled or not – are, from the moment of conception, a genetically new, genetically complete and unique human being and now only has to grow to be ready for birth, childhood and adolescents to become fully formed adults. The baby’s sex, the colour of the eyes, colour of hair, future gifts and talents and eventual height as an adult is all determined at that first moment of existence.
The Church has always taught and continues to teach that the result of human procreation, from the first moment of its existence, must be guaranteed that unconditional respect which is morally due to the human being in his or her totality and unity as body and spirit: "The human being is to be respected and treated as a person from the moment of conception; and therefore from that same moment his rights as a person must be recognized, among which in the first place is the inviolable right of every innocent human being to life". (EV 60)
Pope John Paul II tells us in Evangelium Vitae that all human beings, from their mothers' womb, belong to God who searches them and knows them, who forms them and knits them together with his own hands and who gazes on them when they are tiny shapeless embryos. (cf. Ps 139: 1, 13-16)
After the embryonic stages of development, at about 18-21 days the heart begins to beat, the nervous system is developing the foundations of the brain and the spinal cord are present. The liver starts to produce blood cells for the heart to pump. Also at this stage, brain waves can be detected using an EEG machine. The child has head, primitive eyes, ears, developing brain and the presence of small kidneys and the liver. Yet whilst all this is going on, the mother may still not even know she is pregnant.
About 45 per cent of abortions each year are carried about between 9 and 12 weeks gestation. At this stage, a baby is usually fully formed – everything is present that you find in a full term baby – all they have to do now is to grow and mature. The baby can kick, wave his or her arms, do summersaults and drink some of the amniotic fluid which surrounds them.
But the Church says that even scientific and philosophical discussions about the precise moment of the infusion of the spiritual soul have never given rise to any hesitation about the moral condemnation of abortion. (EV 60)
It’s also worth pointing out briefly how abortions are carried out, to show the truth about what the procedure is really like. The most common form of surgical abortion procedure is vacuum aspiration. The mother is given an anaesthetic, the doctor opens her cervix and inserts a thin plastic tube (or a catheter) which is connected to a vacuum pump. The suction force is 10 times stronger than a domestic vacuum cleaner. The baby is sucked apart and the body parts pass along the tube into a glass jar. So, not only is abortion a murderous act, it is also a brutal act of violence against a defenceless child. They are defenceless even to the point of lacking that minimal form of defence, the power of a newborn baby's cries and tears. The unborn child is totally entrusted to the protection and care of the woman carrying him or her in the womb. And yet sometimes it is precisely the mother herself who makes the decision and asks for the child to be eliminated.
But, it’s very important to say at this point, the Church and its members are quick to come to the aid and comfort woman who have had abortion experiences. In Evangelium Vitae, Pope John Paul said the Church understands the many difficult factors which may have influenced a woman to undergo and abortion. He talks directly to these women in his encyclical saying: “the wound in your heart may not have healed. The Father of mercies is ready to forgive you and give you his peace in the Sacrament of Reconciliation.” (EV 99)
Many women who have an abortion are victims of abortion themselves. They can be under great pressure from partners, friends, family and doctors and are often panicked into have an abortion which they later come to bitterly regret.
Rather than ignoring or judging anyone involved in an abortion, the pro-life movement comes to the aid of them. The British Victims of Abortion was set up in 1987 by Margaret Cuthill and others who had had abortions and were still feeling pain and regret after their abortion experiences. I’ve heard many of these women break down into tears when speaking about how they went through an abortion after being told little or nothing about the development of their baby and the possible physical and psychological risks of abortion to themselves. The charity LIFE also does fantastic work, focusing in particular in helping women who find themselves in crisis pregnancies.
Jumping to the other issue we’re exploring briefly today - euthanasia is undoubtedly going to be the next massive battle which the Catholic Church and the pro-life movement is going to have to fight against the legalisation of in the near future. In fact, in one sense, it has already been legalised.
The Mental Capacity Act passed last year, which comes into force this year, has effectively legalised euthanasia by omission. It was an incredibly poorly drafted piece of legislation, but without going into the details, the act basically allows a specially appointed relative or friend of a patient who has lost capacity to make decisions on behalf of that person, including the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. “Treatment” includes the provision of food and fluids. So, even if doctors think it is in the medical interests of the patient to receive a particular treatment, they could be overruled with the backing of the law if a “power of attorney” says that their relative expressed a desire to have such treatment withdrawn when they could communicate. It is a potential legal minefield and is a law which could lead to euthanasia by the back door when it comes in to force in October. It will probably also lead to further calls for the legalisation of active euthanasia and assisted suicide.
The danger here is this. Dying by starvation or dehydration is a slow, uncomfortable and inhumane death. Apart from it being a complete denial of basic care (giving somebody some food and water) it often leads to its victims becoming dehydrated and sometimes the lining of the mouth becomes so dry it starts to peel away. Once people see this kind of death, they will think of it as indeed brutal and inhumane and will say: “Well let’s just bump them off quickly.” Then the pressure upon politicians to legalise the killing of patients by lethal injection or an overdose of drugs will increase. It’s a logical progression. Once you legalise euthanasia by omission, it leads to a greater acceptance in society that the sick, disabled, the elderly, the dying are a burden to society and are using up health service resources.
So in both the horror of abortion and euthanasia, this is the problem we’re up against and this is why, as Catholics, we are all called to fight these attacks on life.
But how has the situation, which John Paul II described as the culture of death, happened? And why are the issues so relevant and so important for Catholics?
The legalisation of abortion (and in some cases euthanasia) in many countries is the significant cause of the great moral decline we experience in our world today. It stems from a cultural relativism which has crept into societies particularly over the last 50 or so years. It is the notion that there is no absolute truth and that moral values are a matter of personal choice. The notion that life begins at conception is subjective. It is up to the individual to decide when life begins.
Then we have the individual consciences of people themselves. They find it difficult to distinguish between good and evil in what concerns the basic value of human life. We therefore have a situation where prominent politicians, such as Tony Blair, say they are opposed to abortion personally but consistently vote in favour allowing these grave attacks on life. This is a prime symptom of relativism which Pope John Paul, and even more so now Benedict XVI is warning against.
There is then a profound crisis of culture, which generates scepticism in relation to the very foundations of knowledge and ethics, and which makes it increasingly difficult to grasp clearly the meaning of what man is, the meaning of his rights and his duties.
In a sense it is a war of the powerful against the weak: a life which would require greater acceptance, love and care is considered useless, or held to be an intolerable burden, and is therefore rejected in one way or another. (EV 12) A person who, because of illness, handicap or, more simply, just by existing, compromises the well-being or life-style of those who are more favoured tends to be looked upon as an enemy to be resisted or eliminated. In this way a kind of "conspiracy against life" is unleashed. (EV 12)
The life which could result from a sexual encounter thus becomes an enemy to be avoided at all costs, and abortion becomes the only possible decisive response to failed contraception. (EV 13)
These attacks go directly against respect for life and they represent a direct threat to the entire culture of human rights. It is a threat capable, in the end, of jeopardizing the very meaning of democratic coexistence: rather than societies of "people living together", we risk becoming societies of people who are rejected, marginalized, uprooted and oppressed. (EV 18)
This is the result of a relativism which reigns unopposed: the "right" to life stops because it is no longer firmly founded on the inviolable dignity of the person. In this struggle between the "culture of life" and the "culture of death", we cannot restrict ourselves to the perverse idea of freedom. (EV 20) The heart of the problem being experienced by modern man is the eclipse of the sense of God and of man, typical of a social and cultural climate dominated by secularism, which succeeds at times in putting Christian communities themselves to the test. (EV 21)
So how can we counter this “culture of death”? And why do we have an obligation to defend life at all stages?
John Paul II says we should promote the Gospel of Life throughout our lives, the Gospel of life being a great gift from God and an vital task for humanity. In giving life to man and therefore being the “author of life”, God expects and demands that man loves, respects and promotes life. The deliberate decision to deprive an innocent human being of life is always morally evil and can never be justified either as an end in itself or as a means to a good end. It is a “grave act of disobedience to the moral law and to God himself who is the creator of that law”. (EV 57)
The Gospel of life is Jesus Christ himself, the Word of Life. Think about Christ’s own coming into the world. The “Word was made flesh” not when Jesus was born, but at the Annunciation when Our Lady bore Christ in her womb. Notice that the feast of the Annunciation is exactly 9 months before Christmas Day, 25th March. This of course is the length of time the mother and family usually waits for a child to be born.
Also note the first encounter we have of Christ is not his birth, but when Mary goes to visit Elizabeth, whose child leaps for joy at the realisation that the child Christ is present as the “blessed fruit” of Mary. These first encounters of Christ make us realise the humanity of the unborn child, who is a child of God.
Then lets look at the Sacrifice of Christ on the cross. We are told that "there was darkness over the whole land ... while the sun's light failed; and the curtain of the temple was torn in two" (Lk 23:44, 45). This is the symbol of a great cosmic disturbance and a massive conflict between the forces of good and the forces of evil, between life and death. Today we also find ourselves in the midst of a dramatic conflict between the "culture of death" and the "culture of life". (EV 50)
But John Paul tells us that the glory of the Cross is not overcome by this darkness; rather, it shines forth ever more radiantly and brightly, and is revealed as the centre, meaning and goal of all history and of every human life. At his crucifixion, Jesus experiences the moment of his greatest "powerlessness" and he is mocked, jeered at, and insulted (cf. Mk 15:24-36). And yet, precisely amid all this, having seen him breathe his last, the Roman centurion exclaims: "Truly this man was the Son of God!" (Mk 15:39). At the moment of his greatest weakness, that the Son of God is revealed for who he is: on the Cross his glory is made manifest. By his death, Jesus sheds light on the meaning of the life and death of every human being. (EV 50)
So, in this clash between the culture of life and the culture of death which we find ourselves in, we all have an inescapable responsibility of choosing to be unconditionally pro-life. We must use the Gospel of life as our light and strength to bring a culture of life to our society. As Benedict XVI tells us in his first encyclical, Deus Caritas Est, we must not “impose on those who do not share the Catholic faith” but use to help purify reason and to contribute to the attainment of a just society.
She cannot and must not remain on the sidelines in the fight for justice. Because of this, we are called to take part in public life in a personal capacity. In this way we can help form consciences in political life.
Please God some of you will be the next politicians, journalists, medics who will help to bring this culture of death down. Because as John Paul II said, there can never be true peace unless life is defended and promoted.